web3: Foreign media: Crypto mortgage lending needs safer and more liquid tools
Cryptonews
08-19 03:51
Ai Focus
Foreign media reports that with the growth of DeFi lending and tokenized stocks, crypto-backed lending is shifting from simply leveraging to meeting the liquidity needs of long-term holders, but issues such as liquidation, custody, and regulation still need to be addressed.
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外媒称,随着数字资产持有规模扩大,市场开始把焦点从“如何买入”转向“如何使用已有资产”。XPlace 首席执行官 Artem Ponomarev 表示,投资者应能在不卖出长期持仓的情况下获得流动性,但前提是借贷工具本身更稳健、信息更透明。

DeFi 借贷规模已不小

链上借贷市场已经具备相当体量。DefiLlama 数据显示,截至 8 月 18 日,DeFi 借贷协议总锁仓价值约为 420.6 亿美元,覆盖 571 个协议,其中 Aave 锁仓约 147.4 亿美元,活跃贷款规模约 112.6 亿美元。

Ponomarev 将这一模式类比为传统金融中的证券质押融资或房产抵押融资。其核心是,用户以比特币、其他加密资产,或代币化证券作为抵押,换取现金或稳定币流动性,而不是直接卖出资产。只要抵押品价格未跌破清算线,用户仍可保留对原有资产的敞口。

文章提到,新的抵押品也在进入链上信贷市场。8 月,XRP 通过 Flare 的 FXRP 和 Sentora 筛选的 Morpho 金库进入以太坊借贷场景,持有人可在不卖出 XRP 的情况下借入 Ripple USD。

代币化股票扩大抵押品范围

代币化股票被视为下一类可扩展抵押品。RWA.xyz 数据显示,截至 8 月 18 日,链上流通的代币化股票价值约为 23.4 亿美元,而链上真实世界资产总规模约为 382.1 亿美元。

不过,这类资产的法律属性并不完全一致。部分代币对应证券的直接或受益所有权,部分则只是跟踪价格的合成敞口。文章指出,这一区别会直接影响抵押品能否被接受,以及其估值、托管和清算方式。

美国监管部门近几个月也在推动相关产品靠近现有证券体系。美国证券交易委员会今年 1 月表示,股票、债券、票据和期权等证券即使完成代币化,仍受联邦证券法约束。3 月,纳斯达克的代币化证券框架获批,允许合格证券及其代币化形式共享同一股票代码、CUSIP、股东权利和订单簿。纽约证券交易所也已提交相关规则提案。

风险集中在清算与托管

文章认为,加密抵押借贷的关键不在于扩大杠杆,而在于控制清算风险。与传统证券质押贷款类似,借款人可能面临追加抵押、被动卖出和利息成本变化。进入 DeFi 后,这些风险又叠加了 24 小时波动和自动清算机制。

国际清算银行此前指出,DeFi 贷款通常需要超额抵押,因为借款人可能匿名,且抵押资产价格波动更大。当抵押率跌破阈值,协议会自动卖出抵押品以偿还出借方。这会让借款人承担损失、费用,并失去原本希望长期持有的资产敞口。

Ponomarev 认为,这类产品应采用更保守的贷款价值比,持续监控抵押品状态,并清楚披露利率和清算条款。若能在仓位接近清算线前发出预警,借款人就有机会补充抵押品或提前偿还部分贷款。

文章还提到,预言机设计也是风险来源之一。DeFi 协议依赖外部价格系统为抵押品估值,若价格更新滞后或遭操纵,可能误判仓位健康度;在市场快速下跌时,连环清算还可能进一步压低价格。

美国市场仍有制度空白

除市场风险外,美国投资者还面临托管与资本规则问题。美国证交会工作人员指引显示,非证券类加密资产不受《证券投资者保护法》保障;若经纪交易商破产,客户资产是否能被隔离保护,取决于具体持有方式以及是否被纳入破产财产。

文章还援引 Crowell & Moring 8 月分析称,按照现行银行资本规则,数字资产抵押品尚不能获得信用风险缓释认定。对于非银行放贷机构而言,是否需要州级牌照,也可能取决于其具体业务安排。

整体来看,这篇评论认为,随着比特币、代币化股票和链上信贷市场继续扩张,加密抵押借贷正在从高波动交易工具,转向服务数字财富管理的基础设施。但要让这一模式进入更广泛市场,抵押品标准、清算控制和托管合规仍是绕不开的问题。

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